Publikation
Safe Hb Concentration Measurement during Bladder Irrigation Using Artificial Intelligence
Gerd Reis; Xiaoying Tan; Lea Kraft; Mehmet Yilmaz; Dominik Stephan Schoeb; Arkadiusz Miernik
In: Sensors - Open Access Journal (Sensors), Vol. 21, No. 17, Pages 1-14, MDPI, 8/2021.
Zusammenfassung
We have developed a sensor for monitoring the hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in the
effluent of a continuous bladder irrigation. The Hb concentration measurement is based on light
absorption within a fixed measuring distance. The light frequency used is selected so that both arterial
and venous Hb are equally detected. The sensor allows the measurement of the Hb concentration
up to a maximum value of 3.2 g/dL (equivalent to 20% blood concentration). Since bubble
formation in the outflow tract cannot be avoided with current irrigation systems, a neural network
is implemented that can robustly detect air bubbles within the measurement section. The network
considers both optical and temporal features and is able to effectively safeguard the measurement
process. The sensor supports the use of different irrigants (salt and electrolyte-free solutions) as well
as measurement through glass shielding. The sensor can be used in a non-invasive way with current
irrigation systems. The sensor is positively tested in a clinical study.